Archive for August, 2011

Yoga for the feet

Wednesday, August 31st, 2011


How to Stretch the Plantar Fascia — Thanks ehow

The Law of Precession & SMART Goals…

Thursday, August 18th, 2011

Where do you want your business (or career) to be in three years?  Do you have clarity about where you are going and a timeline for when to get there?

There is a law in nature called the Law of Precession that dictates that there are steps of progress to move from one level of success to another.  These steps, or milestones, confirm that you are on the right path.

Your business and career are the same.  If you have a one million dollar business and want it to  be three million in three years—you need to be somewhere around two million in eighteen months.  If you are not, then you have to change your goal, or increase the activity to get there.  This is what the law of precession is all about.

One of the keys for the law to work  correctly is to know where you are going—in other words, having a SMART goal.  For Action, a SMART GOAL is one that is:

*  S– SPECIFIC
*  M—MEASURABLE
*  A—ACHIEVABLE
*  R—REALISTIC
*  T—TIME ORIENTATED

As people get ready for the beach, they reflect upon the most common New Years Resolution– to lose weight.  Although that is a nice goal, it is not a SMART goal.  For it to be a smart goal, they need to add how much weight they plan to lose (specific), so that they know if they are making progress (measurable), can they do it (achievable), will  they do it (realistic) and by when will they hit the goal (time).

Without this level of detail, it will be difficult, if not impossible, to gauge the progress against the goal.  Without progress, the chances of accomplishing the goal are slim.

When setting your plan for the balance of the year, keep the Law of Precession in mind and define your goals from a SMART approach.  If you do, get ready for success!

Action Tip of the Month—Profit Margins

Measurements: Lead generation, conversion ratio, average dollars per transaction, number of transactions per year and profit margin. 

You are in business to make a profit and provide an income stream to YOU, your TEAM and your suppliers.  For small businesses, cash flow is king—and your profit margins help drive your cash flow.  There are many ways to improve your profit margins—including:

*  Wasted funds—what are you doing today that is not adding value or bringing in a return.  For example, are you running advertising that is not getting a response?

*  Sack under performing customers—focus on the A clients and generate more sales (and less headaches).

*  Reduce inventory—how much inventory do you have and what is it costing you to carry it? 

*  Reduce purchase cost by starting a buying group.

Little adjustments to improving the profit margin put money right into your pocket.  Wasn’t that one of the reasons you got into business in the first place?

50 Ways to Lose Your Customers (OK, really 5)

Thursday, August 18th, 2011

50 Ways to Lose Your Customers (OK, really 5)

There is a lot of discussion on customer retention—this month we will take the opposite approach, five sure fire ways to lose your customers.

1.  Try to sell them something they already buy from you (as if it were something new).  It never fails, each week I get an offer from a company trying to sell me something that I already buy from them.  Wasted marketing dollars.

2.  Be inconsistent in your delivery.  Have you ever gone to a restaurant that was great, only to be disappointed when you went back with family and friends?  I know that I have.  Inconsistency breeds a lack  of confidence in your ability to deliver.

3.  Raising prices has a tendency to drive off some of your customer base—especially those that are price shoppers.  This one has an upside and a downside.  The upside is that if your product or service is fantastic, raising prices will allow you to increase your profit.  The customers that you will drive away are the price shoppers that make up the lions’ share of your headaches.

4.  Respond slowly—a great way to loose customers.  I responded to an add for a marketing company two weeks ago—it took them a week to  call me back.  How could  a company that focuses on marketing be that slow in responding?  Obviously, I will not be using them.

5.  Perceived indifference—the most  important of the five.  You have invested good money in acquiring your customers.  Treat your “A” clients as gold by staying in front of them and reminding them how much they mean to  you.  The key to retaining clients is to make them feel special.

Choosing Raw materials

Friday, August 12th, 2011

Rubber Compounds

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Elastomers Introduction:

Elastomers are long-chain polymers which are capable of cross-linking which is referred to as vulcanization.  The vulcanization process cross-links the polymer chains via chemical bonds creating the elastic or “rubbery or memory properties”.

Elastomers are typically descried by type or family based on the base polymer used in the formulation.  These classifications are summarized per the ASTM D 1418 standard below and more detail is contained in the summary below.

ELASTOMER RUBBER COMPOUNDS TYPES AND REFERENCES

General Description

Chemical Description

Abbreviation (ASTM 1418)

ISO/DIN

  1629

Other Trade names & Abbreviations

ASTM D2000 Designations

Nitrile Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber NBR NBR Buna-N BF, BG, BK, CH
Hydrogenated Nitrile Hydrogenated Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber HNBR (HNBR) HNBR DH
Ethylene-Propylene Ethylene propylene diene rubber EPDM EPDM EP, EPT, EPR BA, CA, DA
Fluorocarbon Fluorocarbon Rubber FKM FPM Viton ®, Fluorel ® HK
Chloroprene Chloroprene rubber CR CR Neoprene BC, BE
Silicone Silicone rubber VMQ VMQ PVMQ FC, FE, GE
Fluorosilicone Fluorosilicone rubber FVMQ FVMQ FVMQ FK
Polyacrylate Polyacrylate rubber ACM ACM ACM EH
Ethylene Acrylic Ethylene Acrylic rubber AEM AEM Vamac ® EE, EF, EG, EA
Styrene-butadiene Styrene-butadiene rubber SBR SBR SBR AA, BA
Polyurethane Polyester urethane / Polyether urethane AU / EU AU / EU AU / EU BG
Natural rubber Natural rubber NR NR NR AA

Vamac ® and Viton ® are registered trademarks of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company or affiliates.

Fluorel ® is a registered trademark of Dyneon LLC

General Properties of Elastomer Classes & Rubber Compounds:

Very Good = 1 Good = 2 Average = 3 Poor = 4 Temperature in °F
Basic Property NBR HNBR EPDM FKM CR ACM AEM SBR AU/EU VMQ FVMQ NR
Economy of Material 1 4 2 3 2 3 4 1 3 3 4 1
Compression Set Resistance 1 1 1 1 2 4 2 2 3 2 2 1
Resilience (Rebound) 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 1
Tear Strength 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 4 3 1
Heat Aging Resistance 3 2 2 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
Ozone Resistance 4 2 2 1 2 2 1 4 1 1 1 4
Resistance to Oil & Grease 2 2 4 1 2 1 3 4 2 3 1 4
Fuel Resistance 4 3 4 2 4 1 4 4 3 4 2 4
Water Swell Resistance 2 2 1 2 3 4 2 1 4 1 1 1
Gas Impermeability 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 4 4 3
Dynamic Service / Abrasion Res. 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 4 4 1
High Temperature – Standard 212 300 300 390 250 300 300 212 175 450 400 220
High Temperature – Special 250 - - - - - - - - 480 - -
Low Temperature – Standard -22 - 22 -60 5 -40 -60 -40 -50 -60 -75 -75 -60
Low Temperature – Special -60 -40 - -30 - - - - - - - -

Due to the number of interacting forces, it is STRONGLY RECOMMENDED THAT YOUR ELASTOMER SELECTION BE RIGOROUSLY TESTED IN THE ACTUAL APPLICATION, performance assumptions must be checked so that you are certain that all variables have been carefully considered.

NATURAL RUBBER (NR)
Natural rubber is a product coagulated from the latex of the rubber tree, hevea brasiliensis. Natural rubber features low compression set, high tensile strength, resilience, abrasion and tear resistance, good friction characteristics, excellent bonding capabilities to metal substrate, and good vibration dampening characteristics. Temperature Range (dry heat)
low high
- 60 °F  -51 °C 220 °F  104 °C
Application Advantages
» excellence compression set  » good resilience and abrasion  » good surface friction properties
Primary Uses Application Disadvantages
O-rings, rubber seals and custom molded rubber components for:  » rubber to metal bonded vibration isolators and mounts  » automotive diaphragms  » FDA applications for food and beverage seals » poor resistance to attack by petroleum oils  » poor ozone, UV resistance
FLUOROSILICONE (FVMQ)
Fluorosilicones combine most of the attributes of silicone with resistance to petroleum oils and hydrocarbon fuels.  Low physical strength and abrasion resistance combined with high friction limit fluorosilicone to static seals.  Fluorosilicones are used primarily in aircraft fuel systems. Temperature Range (dry heat)
low high
-75 °F  -59 °C 450 °F  232 °C
Application Advantages
» excellent extreme temperature properties  » excellent compression set resistance  » very clean, low odor and taste
Primary Uses Application Disadvantages
O-rings, rubber seals and custom molded rubber components for:  » seals (static) for extreme temperature applications  » food applications  » medical devices» FDA applications » typically not good for dynamic seals due to friction properties and poor abrasion resistance
SILICONE (VMQ)
Silicone is a semi-organic elastomer with outstanding resistance to extremes of temperature with corresponding resistance to compression set and retention of flexibility. Silicone elastomers provide excellent resistance to ozone, oxygen, and moisture.  Low physical strength and abrasion resistance combined with high friction properties limit silicone to static seal applications.  Silicone utilizes a flexible siloxane backbone rather than a carbon backbone like many other elastomers and has very low glass transition temperatures. Temperature Range (dry heat)
low high
-75 °F  -59 °C 450 °F  232 °C
Application Advantages
» excellent extreme temperature properties  » excellent compression set resistance  » very clean, low odor and taste
Primary Uses Application Disadvantages
O-rings, rubber seals and custom molded rubber components for:  » seals (static) for extreme temperature applications  » food applications  » medical devices» FDA applications » typically not good for dynamic seals due to friction properties and poor abrasion resistance
POLYURETHANE (AU) (EU)
Millable polyurethane exhibits excellent abrasion resistance and tensile strength as compared to other elastomers providing superior performance in hydraulic applications with high pressures, abrasive contamination and shock loads. Fluid compatibility is similar to that of nitrile at temperatures up to approximately 175 °F. At higher temperatures, polyurethane has a tendency to soften and lose both strength and fluid resistance advantages over other elastomers. Temperature Range (dry heat)
low high
- 60 °F  – 51 °C 175 °F  79 °C
Application Advantages
» excellent strength and abrasion resistance  » good resistance to petroleum oils  » good weather resistance
Primary Uses Application Disadvantages
O-rings, rubber seals and custom molded rubber components for:  » seals for high hydraulic pressure  » highly stressed parts subject to wear » poor resistance to water  » poor high temperature capabilities
STYRENE BUTADIENE (SBR)
Styrene-Butadiene (SBR) is a copolymer of styrene and butadiene.  SBR compounds have properties similar to those of natural rubber. SBRs primary custom molded application is the use in hydraulic brakes system seals and diaphragms, with the major of the industry usage coming from the Tire Industry.  SBR features excellent resistance to brake fluids, and good water resistance. Temperature Range (dry heat)
low high
- 50 °F  -46 °C 212 °F  100 °C
Application Advantages
» good resistance to brake fluids  » good resistance to water
Primary Uses Application Disadvantages
O-rings, rubber seals and custom molded rubber components for:  » hydraulic brake systems seals and diaphragms  » plumbing applications » poor weather resistance  » poor petroleum oil and solvent resistance
ETHYLENE ACRYLIC (AEM)
Ethylene-acrylic (Vamac ®) is a terpolymer of ethylene, methyl acrylate, and an acid-containing monomer as a cure site. It exhibits properties similar to those of Polyacrylate, but with extended low temperature range and with enhanced mechanical properties.  Ethylene-acrylic offers a high degree of oil, ozone, UV and weather resistance. Temperature Range (dry heat)
low high
- 40 °F  – 40 °C 300 °F  149 °C
Application Advantages
» excellent vibration dampening  » excellent heat aging characteristics  » good dynamic property retention over a wide temperature range  » resistance to transmission fluids, water, glycol mixtures, and alkalies
Primary Uses Application Disadvantages
O-rings, rubber seals and custom molded rubber components for:  » Automotive sealing applications.  » Automotive transmissions  » Power steering seals » not recommended for exposure to fuel, brake fluid, aromatic hydrocarbons or phosphate esters.
POLYACRYLATE (ACM)
Polyacrylates are copolymers of ethyl and acrylates which exhibit excellent resistance to petroleum fuels and oils and can retain their properties when sealing petroleum oils at continuous high temperatures up to 300 °F. These properties make polyacrylates suitable for use in automotive automatic transmissions, steering systems, and other applications where petroleum and high temperature resistance are required.  Polyacrylates also exhibit resistance to cracking when exposed to ozone and sunlight.  Polyacrylates are not recommended for applications where the elastomer will be exposed to brake fluids, chlorinated hydrocarbons, alcohol, or glycols. Temperature Range (dry heat)
low high
-60 °F  -51 °C 300 °F  149 °C
Application Advantages
» petroleum fuel and oil resistance  » resists flex cracking  » good ozone resistance  » good heat resistance
Primary Uses Application Disadvantages
O-rings, rubber seals and custom molded rubber components for:  » Automotive transmissions.  » Automotive steering systems » poor compression set performance relative to NBR  » lesser water resistance and low temperature performance than some other elastomers
NEOPRENE / CHLOROPRENE (CR)
Neoprene homopolymer of chlorobutadiene and is unusual in that it is moderately resistant to both petroleum oils and weather (ozone, UV, oxygen). This qualifies neoprene uniquely for certain sealing applications where many other materials would not be satisfactory. Neoprene is classified as a general purpose elastomer which has relatively low compression set, good resilience and abrasion, and is flex cracking resistant.  Neoprene has excellent adhesion qualities to metals for rubber to metal bonding applications.  It is used extensively for sealing refrigeration fluids due to its excellence resistance to Freon® and ammonia. Temperature Range (dry heat)
low high
- 40 °F  – 40°C 250 °F  121°C
Application Advantages
» moderate resistance to petroleum oils  » good resistance to ozone, UV, oxygen  » excellence resistance to Freon® and ammonia
Primary Uses Application Disadvantages
O-rings, rubber seals and custom molded rubber components for:  » refrigeration industry applications  » general purpose seals, hose and wire » moderate water resistance  » not effective in solvents environments
FLUOROCARBON (FKM)
Fluorocarbon exhibits resistance to a broader range of chemicals combined with very good high temperature properties more so than any of the other elastomers. It is the closest available approach to a universal elastomer for sealing in the use of o-rings and other custom seals over other types of elastomers.  Fluorocarbons are highly resistant to swelling when exposed to gasoline as well as resistant to degradation due to expose to UV light and ozone.  When exposed to low temperatures, fluorocarbon elastomers can become quite hard (-4 °F) but can be serviceable at low temperatures, although FKM compounds are not recommended for applications requiring good low temperature flexibility.  In addition to standard FKM materials, a number of special materials are available with differing monomer compositions and fluorine content (65% to 71%) for improved low temperature, high temperature, or chemical resistance performance.Fluorocarbons exhibit low gas permeability making them well suited for hard vacuum service and many formulations are self-extinguishing. FKM materials are not generally recommended for exposure to hot water, steam, polar solvents, low molecular weight esters and ethers, glycol based brake fluids, or hot hydrofluoric or chlorosulfonic acids. Temperature Range (dry heat)
low high
5 °F  – 15 °C 390 °F  199 °C
Application Advantages
» excellent chemical resistance  » excellent heat resistance  » good mechanical properties  » good compression set resistance
Application Disadvantages
» poor low temperature flexibility  » poor resistance to hot water and steam
Modifications
» differing monomer compositions and fluorine content (65% to 71%) for improved low temperature, high temperature, or chemical resistance performance
Primary Uses Specialized Applications
O-rings, rubber seals and custom molded rubber components for  » Automotive fuel handling  » Aircraft engine seals  » High temperature applications requiring good compression set» General industrial seals and gaskets » degree of fluorination (A, B, F, GB, GF, GFLT, GBLT, GLT, ETP)  » copolymer or terpolymer of fluorinated hydrocarbon monomers
ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE (EPDM)
Ethylene-propylene compounds are prepared from ethylene and propylene (EPM) and usually a third monomer (EPDM). These compounds are used frequently to seal in brake systems, and for sealing hot water and steam.  Ethylene propylene compounds have good resistance to mild acids, detergents, alkalis, silicone oils and greases, ketones, and alcohols. They are not recommended for applications with petroleum oils, mineral oil, di-ester lubricants, or fuel exposure.Ethylene Propylene has gained wide seal industry acceptance for its excellent ozone and chemical resistance properties and is compatible with many polar fluids that adversely affect other elastomers.EPDM compounds are typically developed with a sulfur or peroxide cure system. Peroxide-cured compounds are suitable for higher temperature exposure and typically have improved compression set performance. Temperature Range (dry heat)
low high
-60 °F  -51 °C 300 °F  149 °C
Application Advantages
» excellent weather resistance  » good low temperature flexibility  » excellent chemical resistance  » good heat resistance
Application Disadvantages
» poor petroleum oil and solvent resistance
Modifications
» sulfur-cured and peroxide-cured compounds  » third comonomer EPDM, copolymer ethylene and propylene EPM
Primary Uses Specialized Applications
O-rings, rubber seals and custom molded rubber components for:  » Water system seals, faucets, etc.  » Brake systems  » Ozone exposure applications» Automotive cooling systems

» General Industrial Use

» glycol-based brake system seals  » FDA approved applications  » NBR NSF standard 61 for potable water applications  » NBR WRc, KTW water applications
HYDROGENATED NITRILE (HNBR)
HNBR is created by partially or fully hydrogenating NBR. The hydrogenating process saturates the polymeric chain with accompanying improvements to the ozone, heat and aging resistance of the elastomer and improves overall mechanical properties.  HNBR, like Nitrile, increasing the acrylonitrile content increase resistance to heat and petroleum based oils and fuels, but decreases the low temperature performance. Temperature Range (dry heat)
low high
-22 °F  -30 °C 300 °F  149 °C
Application Advantages
» excellent heat and oil resistance  » improved fuel and ozone resistance (approximately 5X) over Nitrile  » abrasion resistance
Application Disadvantages
» increased cold flow with hydrogenation  » decreased elasticity at low temperatures with hydrogenation over standard nitrile
Primary Uses Modifications
O-rings, rubber seals and custom molded rubber components for:  » Oil resistant applications  » Oil well applications  » Fuel systems, automotive, marine, and aircraft» General Industrial Use » acrylonitrile content (ACN) from 18% to 50%  » peroxide vs. sulfur donor cure system
NITRILE (NBR)
Nitrile is the most widely used elastomer in the seal industry. The popularity of nitrile is due to its excellent resistance to petroleum products and its ability to be compounded for service over a temperature range of -22°F to 212°F.  Nitrile is a copolymer of butadiene and acrylonitrile. Variation in proportions of these polymers is possible to accommodate specific requirements. An increase in acrylonitrile content increases resistance to heat plus petroleum base oils and fuels but decreases low temperature flexibility. Military AN and MS O ring specifications require nitrile compounds with low acrylonitrile content to insure low temperature performance.  Nitrile provides excellent compression set, tear, and abrasion resistance. The major limiting properties of nitrile are its poor ozone and weather resistance and moderate heat resistance, but in many application these are not limiting factors. Temperature Range (dry heat)
low high
-22 °F  -30 °C 212 °F  100 °C
Application Advantages
» excellent compression set,  » superior tear resistance  » abrasion resistance
Application Disadvantages
» poor weather resistance  » moderate heat resistance
Modifications
» acrylonitrile content (ACN) from 18% to 50%  » peroxide vs. sulfur donor cure system  » XNBR improved wear resistance formulation
Primary Uses Specialized Applications
O-rings, rubber seals and custom molded rubber components for:  » Oil resistant applications  » Low temperature applications  » Fuel systems, automotive, marine, and aircraft» General Industrial Use » NBR NSF standard 61 for potable water applications  » NBR WRc, KTW water applications  » NBR FDA white list compounds

Elastomer Classes & Rubber Compounds Class and Type Details:Due to the number of interacting forces, it is STRONGLY RECOMMENDED THAT YOUR ELASTOMER SELECTION BE RIGOROUSLY TESTED IN THE ACTUAL APPLICATION, performance assumptions must be checked so that you are certain that all variables have been carefully considered. Specific properties of the compound will vary with the formulation or ingredient used to make the compound in addition to the base polymer

Gene Patents

Monday, August 8th, 2011

U.K. Needs to Stop ‘Muddling’ on Gene Patents, Says Report

on 5 August 2011, 5:36 PM |

LONDON—The Human Genetics Commission (HGC), an independent group that advises the U.K. government, issued a plea today to health and research institutions to develop a coherent policy on intellectual property, particularly patents on diagnostic tools. The message came in a new report, “Intellectual Property and DNA Diagnostics,” launched at a press conference—the swan song of the soon-to-be-disbanded HGC. The report found that doctors and researchers in U.K. public institutions have mostly ignored biotech companies’ patents on numerous genetic tests, leaving patent-holders unsure how much their intellectual property (IP) is worth. IP owners who say their claims are being ignored often don’t even try to sue the mammoth National Health Service, according to the report, partly because they don’t know where to begin.

The HGC report made several recommendations: First, Research Councils U.K. and other funding agencies should review their licensing requirements. The Department of Health needs to find a way to monitor how IP involving biomarkers affects diagnostics, and NHS should be given governmental support in managing these issues. Finally, the report recommends that data should be gathered on what kind of impact IP has on innovation to bring clarity to what is now a heated and often confused debate on the value of patents.

One panellist at the press conference spoke of the need to minimize the nuisance factor of patents in health care. The patenting of DNA-based tests is “unacceptable, unenforceable, and detrimental,” said Gail Norbury, commissioning and governance director of genetics laboratories at Guy’s Hospital here.

The U.K. public health system has so far been able to “muddle through” by working around IP issues, said science policy expert Michael Hopkins of the University of Sussex, but it does so at its own peril. “The clock is running on multiple infringement suits. Back royalties can be claimed and those are accumulating. We can’t keep muddling.”

In the meantime, said Berwyn Clarke of the biotech company Lab21 in Cambridge, the United Kingdom should be concerned that its biotech companies might move to countries where they can more easily assert their IP rights. Because of the strength of NHS, he said, “the U.K. should be the best in world [for developing and clinically testing diagnostic tests], but at the moment it’s one of the worst [places] to develop a business.”

Hopkins says that Europe is less protective of IP for diagnostic tests than the United States. He cited a 2009 survey that found that only 4% of E.U. public sector labs have had to withdraw genetic testing because of IP claims, compared with 25% in the United States. Seven times more gene patents have been filed in the United States than in Europe. The U.S. market is so large and lucrative, and patents so much easier to enforce, he told ScienceInsider, that many U.S. companies haven’t found it worth their while to assert their rights overseas. That could change, however: “It’s just a matter of when someone gets hungry enough.”

Economist Stuart Hogarth of Kings College London agrees that companies are getting itchy to start getting some returns on their R&D investments, especially as many U.K. regulatory agencies are strengthening their evidence demands. But because IP issues affecting diagnostic tests are case-specific, he couldn’t envision a single law or approach resolving the matter.

Many hospitals and research labs devise their own “homebrew” tests, avoiding royalty payments to those who hold key patents. For instance, AstraZeneca holds a patent on a genetic test for non-small cell lung carcinoma. In the United Kingdom, Clarke said, 21 labs test for this marker, but only two use the test approved by U.K. regulators. Some “are of higher quality than others,” Clarke said, “and mistakes do get made.” Clarke, who advocates standardization of tests, suggests that NHS should be more concerned about this.

Norbury disagrees: Multiple tests, including homebrews, can be used to cross-check results, she said. And homebrew testing makes it possible for patients to get a second opinion even if hospitals aren’t willing to buy the company-backed test. She also sees nothing wrong with workarounds that evade royalties. “People find a way around things; how are you going to prevent people copying CDs?” The public health sector, she feels, shouldn’t have to worry about patent-holders nipping at its heels.

But many agree that the current system is broken. It’s time, said Alastair Kent, a panel member and chair of the HGC’s Monitoring Group on Intellectual Property, to “shed light rather than generate heat and dust.”